Cholera is a disease, characterised by profuse, watery diarrhoea, caused by certain toxin-producing forms of the bacteria called Vibrio cholera. Cholera is transmitted by ingesting (eating and drinking) contaminated water or food. It is common in many low-income countries and is largely linked to poverty, bad sanitation and poor access to clean drinking water.
Hepatitis A vaccine
Vaccine schedules
Length of protection
Hepatitis A vaccine
Several effective inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for travellers intending to visit areas where hepatitis A is common. Some of these vaccines are combined with either hepatitis B or typhoid.
Vaccine schedules
| Vaccine (listed alphabetically) | Schedule | Age range |
| Ambirix Combined hepatitis A and B |
2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | 1 to 15 years |
| AVAXIM | 2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | ≥ 16 years |
| AVAXIM Junior | 2 doses, given 6-36 months apart | 1 to 15 years |
| Epaxal (Discontinued) | 2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | Adults & children from ≥ 1 year |
| Havrix Monodose | 2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | ≥ 16 years |
| Havrix Junior Monodose | 2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | 1 to 15 years |
| Hepatyrix (Discontinued) Combined hepatitis A and typhoid |
1 dose followed by a single antigen hepatitis A vaccine 6-12 months later | ≥ 15 years |
| Twinrix Adult Combined hepatitis A and B |
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| Twinrix Paediatric Combined hepatitis A and B |
3 doses, 0, 1 and 6 months | 1 to 15 years |
| VAQTA Adult | 2 doses, given 6-12 months apart | ≥ 18 years |
| VAQTA Paediatric | 2 doses, given 6-18 months apart | 1 to 17 years |
| ViATIM (Discontinued) Combined hepatitis A and typhoid |
1 dose followed by a single antigen hepatitis A vaccine 6-12 months later | ≥ 16 years |
Length of protection
The duration of protection from a completed course of hepatitis A vaccine can be expected to be at least 25 years and probably indefinite. However, UK Health Security Agency recommend that until further evidence is available on persistence of protective immunity, a booster dose at 25 years is indicated for those at ongoing risk of hepatitis A. Specific advice should be sought for individuals with altered immune responses, an earlier booster may be recommended.
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